Examples include freshwater lakes, salt and soda lakes, artesian springs and oases, geothermal pools, drinking water reservoirs, farm dams, rice paddies, freshwater aquafarms, wastewater storages and treatment ponds, canals, ditches and drains.
This category corresponds to IUCN-GET biome F2 (Lakes) and F3 (Artificial wetlands).
Please choose a Metric:
Area of ecosystem asset - Lakes, dams and reservoirs
Please choose a Metric:
Species richness
Please choose a Metric:
Flood protection - number of people and/or buildings in a lower risk category
Please choose a Metric:
Flood protection - number of people and/or buildings in a lower risk category - monetary value
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
For example, estimate % of total land area covered by ecosystem type, multiplied by total land area.
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Maps showing extent of Australian lakes, dams and reservoirs as land use types are available at National Map – Catchment Scale Land Use 2020 – Secondary classification (select layer: Catchment Scale Land Use 2020 – Secondary classification, which shows Lake and Reservoir/dam as categories). Maps showing wet surface area of water bodies across Australia are available at Digital Earth Australia – DEA Waterbodies (Landsat).
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Data on extent of Australian lakes, dams and reservoirs as land use types at various scales are available at Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) – Land use data download.
Data on wet surface area of water bodies across Australia are available at Digital Earth Australia – DEA Waterbodies (Landsat).
Data on area of Australian surface water resources are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – Australian Hydrological Geospatial Fabric (Geofabric).
Maps showing surface area of Australian farm dams are available at Australian Farm Dams.
Notes
Work in progress - Feedback welcome
Last updated: 11th November 2024
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Maps showing accessible capacity of major Australian water storages are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – Water Storage Dashboard (note: data for individual storages can be viewed by selecting ‘Plain text version’ in the header).
Maps showing capacity of Australian farm dams are available at Australian Farm Dams.
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Data on capacity of Australian dams and reservoirs are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – Australian Hydrological Geospatial Fabric (Geofabric).
Notes
Work in progress - Feedback welcome
Last updated: 11th November 2024
Units
SEEA ES sub-type
Intermediate or final
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Notes
This metric refers to the number of people and/or buildings that can be identified as being in a lower flood risk category than they would have been in the absence of the ecosystem providing the flood mitigation service. Usually this involves an assumption that the relevant ecosystem would otherwise have been bare land (see SEEA-EA 2021, Table 7.7), and requires some form of hydrological modelling to determine risk exposure in the existing situation as well as the baseline scenario.
River flood mitigation services may be provided along with water flow regulation services (including baseline flow maintenance services and peak flow mitigation services).
Last updated: 29th November 2024
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from replacement cost.
For example, estimate how much it would cost to provide flood protection if the ecosystem service was not available (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Tier 2
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from replacement cost.
For example, estimate how much it would cost to provide flood protection if the ecosystem service was not available (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Tier 3
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from avoided damages.
For example, estimate the cost of avoided flood damages that would be incurred in the absence of the ecosystem service (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Notes
Work in progress - Feedback welcome
Last updated: 3rd December 2024
Type
SEEA ECT Class
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Methods for measuring native plant species richness per life form (trees, shrubs, grasses and forbs/other) using visual observation can be found in AfN-METHOD-NV-01 “Land Restoration Fund (LRF) Native Vegetation Monitoring Method”. Methods for measuring native species count for tree canopy and shrub layer species can be found in AfN-METHOD-NV-07 “Bush Heritage Australia – Vegetation Assessment Methodology”.
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
Methods for measuring terrestrial mammal species richness using wildlife camera records can be found in AfN-METHOD-F-01 “Accounting for Nature Australian Terrestrial Mammal Method”. Methods for measuring aquatic vertebrate species richness using eDNA measurement can be found in AfN-METHOD-F-05 “EnviroDNA Aquatic Vertebrate eDNA Method”.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Maps showing the number of species in a given area are available at the Atlas of Living Australia (select layer: Species richness).
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Data on the number of species in a given area are available at the Atlas of Living Australia (select layer: Species richness).
Notes
Species richness can be defined as “The number of species within a given sample, community, or area” (IPBES). It is one way of measuring species diversity, which is itself only one aspect of overall biodiversity. The concept of richness can also be applied at other levels, from genetic (e.g. the number of distinct genotypes within a species) to the number of represented genera, families, etc. It can be useful to supplement richness information with information on abundances or relative abundance distributions.
Depending on the purpose of measurement, and the measurement resources available, the concept of species richness may be applied to certain sets (e.g. plants, mammals, birds, invertebrates, endemic species, etc.). It is important to recognise that observations from one set may not apply to other sets in the same area.
It is usually not feasible to count all species, even within a limited set, within a given area. Therefore some form of sampling method is usually applied to come up with a sample set that can feasibly be measured. Many different sampling methods may be used, and the number of samples required will depend on the measurement objectives (e.g. desired accuracy and confidence), the sample measurement method (e.g. size of sample areas), and the actual variation in the measured quantity across the given area. There are also many different measurement methods and technologies at the sample measurement level (e.g. pit traps for insects, camera traps for animals, acoustic methods for birds). There is no single ‘right’ method that applies in all circumstances. Whatever method is used, it is important that it should be applied consistently for a given site over time, and appropriate to the measurement objectives and ecosystem type. Measurements using different methods may not necessarily be comparable.
Last updated: 10th October 2024
Units
SEEA ES sub-type
Intermediate or final
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
For example, measure using flow meters.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Data on aggregated surface water supply for Australian river regions are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – National Water Account.
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Notes
Water abstracted may be considered an ecosystem service (e.g. where ecosystems provide essential water purification services or flow regulation services); or an abiotic flow (not dependent on any particular ecological processes). Either way, the volume extracted is the relevant measure, unless water purification services and flow regulation services can be measured separately (see SEEA-EA s.6.4.2, pp. 138-139), in which case water supply should not be measured as a separate ecosystem service, but rather as an abiotic flow (water abstracted). If water abstracted can be separated into different uses (e.g. human drinking water, livestock drinking water, irrigation) then it can be helpful to measure these amounts separately.
Last updated: 26th September 2024
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from residual value.
For example, where payment is made for water supply, deduct user costs (e.g. costs of abstraction, treatment and delivery, plus financial costs such as depreciation and return on produced assets, minus subsidies on extraction, plus taxes on extraction) from revenues from water supply, to derive a monetary value for the ecosystem contribution (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Tier 2
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from replacement cost.
For example, estimate how much it would cost to provide water from the next lowest cost alternative (such as desalinisation) if the ecosystem service was not available (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Tier 3
Estimate monetary value of ecosystem contribution from directly observed prices, or from a productivity change method.
For example, use directly observed prices from relevant transactions of water rights or prices paid for supplied water; or estimate the productivity change, such as increased production due to the supply of water, resulting from the provision of the ecosystem service (NCAVES and MAIA, 2022).
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Notes
Work in progress - Feedback welcome
Last updated: 3rd December 2024
Type
SEEA ECT Class
Units
Example methods / guidance / references
What are tiers?
Tier 1
Estimate using own judgement and observations
Methods for water quality sampling and assessment can be found in the Queensland Government’s Water Monitoring and Sampling Manual. Methods for measuring turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, conductivity and total dissolved sediments can be found in AfN-METHOD-W-01 “Alluvium and EcoFutures Regional Waterway Condition Method for Central Queensland”.
Tier 2
Estimate using third-party professional estimates or public data
Methods for measuring turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus, filterable reactive phosphorus, pH, conductivity, total dissolved sediments and chlorophyll-a can be found in AfN-METHOD-W-01 “Alluvium and EcoFutures Regional Waterway Condition Method for Central Queensland”.
Tier 3
Model or measure based on site-specific surveys/sampling, remote or in-field sensing, laboratory analysis, etc.
Methods for measuring turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus, filterable reactive phosphorus, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and chlorophyll-a can be found in AfN-METHOD-W-01 “Alluvium and EcoFutures Regional Waterway Condition Method for Central Queensland”.
Example data sources
Internal records
Third-party data sources
Maps of Australian water quality data are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – Water Data Online.
Site-specific measurements or model outputs
Data on Australian water quality are available at the Bureau of Meteorology – Water Data Online.
Notes
Relevant water quality metrics and thresholds depend on the use of the water and known threats to water quality. Example Tier 1/Tier 2 metrics might include Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Organic and inorganic compounds, Nutrients, Acidity, Salinity/Total Dissolved Solids. Tier 3 could also include additional, more difficult or costly to measure metrics such as concentrations of cyanobacteria, pathogens and parasites, heavy metals and organic contaminants, where appropriate.
See Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality for information and guidance on how to identify relevant water quality metrics and thresholds or ‘guideline values’ for Australian and New Zealand waters.
See also: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; UN Environment (2017) A Framework for Freshwater Ecosystem Management (especially Volume 2, Tables 4 and 5 which list example water quality metrics for different freshwater ecosystem types).
Last updated: 11th October 2024